------_=_NextPart_001_01C51371.06EF449F
Content-Type: text/plain;
charset="iso-8859-1"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
It=20is=20indeed=20a=20defensive=20mechanism=20in=20madtoms.=20=20Studies=20=
have=20demonstrated=20that=20the=20venom=20causes=20temporary=20paralysis=20=
in=20some=20predatory=20fishes.=20=20In=20order=20for=20the=20venom=20to=20=
be=20released,=20the=20integument=20around=20the=20spines=20needs=20to=20b=
e=20broken.=20=20In=20other=20words,=20an=20individual=20needs=20to=20suff=
er=20physical=20damage=20(i.e.,=20be=20attacked)=20for=20the=20venom=20to=20=
be=20released.=20=20In=20pilot=20studies=20that=20I=20conducted=20years=20=
ago,=20I=20observed=20madtoms=20frequently=20surviving=20attacks.=20=20As=20=
soon=20as=20the=20predators=20were=20envenomated,=20they=20quickly=20spit=20=
out=20the=20madtom.=20=20Furthermore,=20the=20predators=20in=20the=20study=
=20refrained=20from=20subsequent=20attacks=20on=20madtoms=20during=20the=20=
trials.=20=20This,=20of=20course,=20may=20not=20be=20a=20universal=20respo=
nse=20with=20all=20predators,=20but=20it=20illustrates=20that=20madtoms=20=
can=20survive=20attacks=20from=20some=20predators.=20=20Could=20the=20veno=
m=20serve=20other=20purposes?=20=20Most=20certainly.=20=20However,=20the=20=
delivery=20mechanism=20and=20the=20nature=20of=20the=20venom=20imply=20tha=
t=20it=20likely=20evolved=20as=20an=20antipredatory=20response.=20=20
Chris=20Gutmann
Des=20Plaines=20River=20drainage
Oak=20Brook,=20Illinois
-----Original=20Message-----
From:=20owner-nanfa-l-in-nanfa.org=20[owner-nanfa-l-in-nanfa.org]On=20Beh=
alf=20Of=20Bob=20Muller
Sent:=20Monday,=20February=2014,=202005=208:21=20PM
To:=20nanfa-l-in-nanfa.org
Subject:=20NANFA-L--=20Michigan=20Chapter
=20=20
Last=20week=20I=20gave=20a=20talk=20on=20native=20fishes=20to=20the=20Clin=
ton=20Valley=20chapter=20of=20Trout=20Unlimited.=20=20It=20was=20well=20re=
ceived=20with=20lots=20of=20questions=20and=20interest=20in=20the=20other=20=
fish=20in=20their=20trout=20streams.=20=20One=20question=20I=20have=20neve=
r=20gotten=20before.=20=20In=20talking=20about=20the=20madtoms=20venom=20I=
=20was=20asked=20what=20for.=20=20I=20would=20guess=20it=20helps=20them=20=
from=20being=20eaten=20any=20other=20ideas.
=20
Bob=20Muller
Red=20Run=20(the=20ghost=20river=20of=20Royal=20Oak)
a=20tributary=20of=20the=20Clinton=20River,=20Michigan
=20
______________________________________________________________________
This=20email=20has=20been=20scanned=20by=20the=20MessageLabs=20Email=20Sec=
urity=20System.
For=20more=20information=20please=20visit=20http://www.messagelabs.com/ema=
il=20
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
This=20email=20has=20been=20scanned=20by=20the=20MessageLabs=20Email=20Sec=
urity=20System.
For=20more=20information=20please=20visit=20http://www.messagelabs.com/ema=
il=20
______________________________________________________________________
------_=_NextPart_001_01C51371.06EF449F
Content-Type: text/html;
charset="iso-8859-1"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
<!DOCTYPE=20HTML=20PUBLIC=20"-//W3C//DTD=20HTML=204.0=20Transitional//EN">=
<HTML=20xmlns:o=20=3D=20"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"><HEAD>
<META=20HTTP-EQUIV=3D"Content-Type"=20CONTENT=3D"text/html;=20charset=3Dis=
o-8859-1">
<META=20content=3D"MSHTML=206.00.2800.1476"=20name=3DGENERATOR>
<STYLE></STYLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY=20id=3Drole_body=20style=3D"FONT-SIZE:=2010pt;=20COLOR:=20#000000;=20=
FONT-FAMILY:=20Arial"=20
bottomMargin=3D7=20bgColor=3D#fff8e0=20leftMargin=3D7=20topMargin=3D7=20ri=
ghtMargin=3D7>
<DIV><SPAN=20class=3D454494114-15022005>It=20is indeed=20a=20defensiv=
e=20mechanism=20in=20
madtoms. =20Studies=20have=20demonstrated=20that=20the=20venom=20caus=
es=20temporary=20
paralysis=20in=20some=20predatory=20fishes. =20In=20order=20for=20the=
=20venom=20to=20be=20released,=20
the=20integument=20around=20the=20spines=20needs=20to=20be=20broken. =
=20In=20other=20words,=20an=20
individual=20needs=20to=20suffer=20physical=20damage=20(i.e.,=20be=20attac=
ked)=20for=20the=20venom=20to=20
be=20released. =20In=20pilot=20studies=20that=20I=20conducted=20years=
=20ago,=20I=20observed=20
madtoms=20frequently=20surviving=20attacks. =20As=20soon=20as=20the=20=
predators=20were=20
envenomated,=20they=20quickly=20spit=20out=20the=20madtom. =20Further=
more,=20the=20predators=20
in=20the=20study=20refrained=20from=20subsequent=20attacks=20on=20madtoms=20=
during=20the=20
trials. =20This,=20of=20course,=20may=20not=20be=20a=20universal=20re=
sponse=20with=20all=20
predators,=20but=20it illustrates=20that=20madtoms=20can=20survive=20=
attacks=20from=20some=20
predators. =20Could=20the=20venom=20serve=20other=20purposes? =20=
Most=20
certainly. =20However,=20the=20delivery=20mechanism=20and=20the=20nat=
ure=20of=20the=20venom=20
imply=20that=20it=20likely=20evolved=20as=20an=20antipredatory=20response.=
=20
</SPAN></DIV><SPAN=20class=3D454494114-15022005>
<DIV><BR>Chris=20Gutmann</DIV>
<DIV></SPAN><SPAN=20class=3D454494114-15022005>Des=20Plaines=20River=20
drainage</SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN=20class=3D454494114-15022005>Oak=20Brook,=20Illinois</SPAN></DI=
V>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
=20=20<DIV=20class=3DOutlookMessageHeader=20dir=3Dltr=20align=3Dleft><FONT=
=20
=20=20face=3DTahoma>-----Original=20Message-----<BR><B>From:</B>=20owner-n=
anfa-l-in-nanfa.org=20
=20=20[owner-nanfa-l-in-nanfa.org]<B>On=20Behalf=20Of=20</B>Bob=20Mull=
er<BR><B>Sent:</B>=20
=20=20Monday,=20February=2014,=202005=208:21=20PM<BR><B>To:</B>=20
=20=20nanfa-l-in-nanfa.org<BR><B>Subject:</B>=20NANFA-L--=20Michigan=20
=20=20Chapter<BR><BR></FONT></DIV>
=20=20<DIV> =20
=20=20<P=20class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN=20
=20=20style=3D"FONT-SIZE:=2010pt;=20COLOR:=20black;=20FONT-FAMILY:=20Arial=
">Last=20week=20I=20gave=20a=20
=20=20talk=20on=20native=20fishes=20to=20the=20Clinton=20Valley=20chapter=20=
of=20Trout=20Unlimited. =20
=20=20It=20was=20well=20received=20with=20lots=20of=20questions=20and=20in=
terest=20in=20the=20other=20fish=20in=20
=20=20their=20trout=20streams. =20One=20question=20I=20have=20never=20=
gotten=20before. =20In=20
=20=20talking=20about=20the=20madtoms=20venom=20I=20was=20asked=20what=20f=
or. =20I=20would=20guess=20it=20
=20=20helps=20them=20from=20being=20eaten=20any=20other=20ideas.<o:p></o:p=
></SPAN></P>
=20=20<P=20class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN=20
=20=20style=3D"FONT-SIZE:=2010pt;=20COLOR:=20black;=20FONT-FAMILY:=20Arial=
"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
=20=20<P=20class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN=20
=20=20style=3D"FONT-SIZE:=2010pt;=20COLOR:=20black;=20FONT-FAMILY:=20Arial=
">Bob=20
Muller</SPAN></P>
=20=20<P=20class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN=20
=20=20style=3D"FONT-SIZE:=2010pt;=20COLOR:=20black;=20FONT-FAMILY:=20Arial=
"></SPAN><SPAN=20
=20=20style=3D"FONT-SIZE:=2010pt;=20COLOR:=20black;=20FONT-FAMILY:=20Arial=
">Red=20Run=20(the=20ghost=20
=20=20river=20of=20Royal=20Oak)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
=20=20<P=20class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN=20
=20=20style=3D"FONT-SIZE:=2010pt;=20COLOR:=20black;=20FONT-FAMILY:=20Arial=
">a=20tributary=20of=20the=20
=20=20Clinton=20River,=20Michigan<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
=20=20<P=20
=20=20class=3DMsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV><BR>___________________=
___________________________________________________<BR>This=20
=20=20email=20has=20been=20scanned=20by=20the=20MessageLabs=20Email=20Secu=
rity=20System.<BR>For=20more=20
=20=20information=20please=20visit=20http://www.messagelabs.com/email=20
=20=20<BR>________________________________________________________________=
______<BR></BLOCKQUOTE>
<BR>
______________________________________________________________________<BR>=
This=20email=20has=20been=20scanned=20by=20the=20MessageLabs=20Email=20Sec=
urity=20System.<BR>
For=20more=20information=20please=20visit=20http://www.messagelabs.com/ema=
il=20<BR>
______________________________________________________________________<BR>=
</BODY></HTML>
------_=_NextPart_001_01C51371.06EF449F--
/-----------------------------------------------------------------------
/ This is the discussion list of the North American Native Fishes
/ Association (NANFA). Comments made on this list do not necessarily
/ reflect the beliefs or goals of NANFA. For more information about NANFA,
/ visit http://www.nanfa.org Please make sure all posts to nanfa-l are
/ consistent with the guidelines as per
/ http://www.nanfa.org/archive/nanfa/guidelines.html To subscribe,
/ unsubscribe, or get help, visit the NANFA email list home page and
/ archive-in-http://www.nanfa.org/archive/nanfa/